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The BitTorrent protocol works by first splitting the data into small pieces (usually 514 Kb to 2 Mb in size), allowing the large dataset to be distributed in pieces and downloaded from various sources ( Fig. For example, BitTorrent can be used to transfer data from the Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) ( ), is used by Twitter ( ) as a method to distribute files to a large number of servers ( ), and for distributing numerous types of media. In comparison, the BitTorrent protocol handles large files very well, is actively being developed, and is a very popular method for data transfer. Unfortunately, this protocol was centered on sharing individual files and does scale well for sharing very large files. One of the earliest and most popular peer-to-peer protocols is Gnutella ( ) which is the protocol behind many popular file sharing clients such as LimeWire ( ), Shareaza ( ), and BearShare ( ). These peer-to-peer networks allow the sharing of datasets directly with each other without the need for a central repository to provide the data hosting or bandwidth for downloading. An alternative to these repository-like resources is to use a peer-to-peer file transfer protocol. Considering that all bandwidth is provided by these dedicated Tranche servers, considerable administration and funding is necessary in order to maintain such a service.

The focus of the Tranche Project is to provide a secure repository that can be shared across multiple servers.

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The Tranche Project ( ) is the software behind the Proteome Commons ( ) proteomics repository.

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Bio-mirror improves on download speeds, but requires that the data be replicated across all servers, is restricted to only very popular genomic datasets, and does not include the fast growing datasets such as the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) ( ). Bio-Mirror ( ) was started in 1999 and consists of several servers sharing the same identical datasets in various countries. Many different solutions have been proposed to help with many of the challenges of moving large amounts of data.

This allows faster transfer times and decentralization of the data.

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B) The peer-to-peer file transfer protocol, BitTorrent, breaks up the dataset into small pieces (shown as pattern blocks within black box), and allows sharing among computers with full copies or partial copies of the dataset. This can cause transfers to be slow due to bandwidth limitations or if the host fails. Illustration of differences between traditional and peer to peer file transfer protocols.ДЄ) Traditional file transfer protocols such as HTTP and FTP use a single host for obtaining a dataset (grey filled black box), even though other computers contain the same file or partial copies while downloading (partially filled black box). Even if bandwidth limitations are very large, these file transfer methods require that the data is centrally stored, making the data inaccessible if the server malfunctions.ДЇigure 1. Unfortunately, as the number of requests for data increases and the provider's bandwidth becomes saturated, the access time for each data request can increase rapidly. In addition, the server of the data has to have a large amount of bandwidth to provide adequate download speeds for all data requests. These protocols require that a single server be the source of the data and that all requests for data be handled from that single location ( Fig. However, the practical aspect of moving data from one location to another has relatively stayed the same that being the use of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) or File Transfer Protocol (FTP). Considerable effort and attention has been given to improving the portability of data by developing data format standards, minimal information for experiment reporting вЂ“, data sharing polices, and data management вЂ“. In parallel, and also at an increasing rate, is the demand to make this data openly available to other researchers, both pre-publication and post-publication. The amount of data being produced in the sciences continues to expand at a tremendous rate.

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